Exam 8: Principles of Development

A) amphibians.
B) mammals.
C) sea stars.
D) insects.

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Homeotic and homeobox-containing genes p...

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A) Nothing prevents fertilization if chemical and other behavioral cues allow mating
B) Egg recognition proteins on the acrosomal process bind to specific sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope
C) The size and shape of sperm must fit the hole in the egg membrane
D) The cortical reaction by the egg actively draws in the sperm

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A) a pronucleus.
B) a cleavage furrow.
C) a germinal vesicle.
D) a blastomere.

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A) fish and amphibians, cells divide in twos synchronously
B) sea stars and humans, development can proceed in two directions
C) birds and reptiles, the egg must be completely nourished within a shell
D) cnidarians and comb jellies, only two germ layers are formed
E) only mammals, advanced neural structures are formed

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Spemann's experiment, conducted in the l...

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A) Epiderm
B) Ectoderm
C) Endoderm
D) Mesoderm
E) Myoderm

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B

A) birds.
B) mammals.
C) most protostomes.
D) sea stars.

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A) there are so few sperm that two are unlikely to arrive at the same time.
B) sperm compete and only the most fit one is accepted.
C) many sperm enter but only one set of chromosomes fuses with the egg nucleus; excess sperm are absorbed.
D) when the first sperm membrane fuses with the egg membrane, it separates the fertilization membrane and forms a barrier to other sperm.

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A) yolk promotes faster cleavage.
B) yolk promotes spiral cleavage in all cases.
C) yolk slows down and indirectly determines the type of cleavage to take place.
D) yolk is the origin of all cleavage planes.

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A) mesolecithal.
B) holoblastic.
C) isolecithal.
D) telolecithal.

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D

A) folding of ectoderm tissue.
B) migration of mesoderm cells.
C) fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm.
D) extension of endoderm into a thin spinal column.

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The yolk within an egg cell is indeed a source of nutrients for the developing embryo, but it also plays a crucial role in the process of cleavage, which is the series of rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. Understanding the relationship between yolk and cleavage is important for several reasons: 1. **Yolk Distribution and Cleavage Patterns**: The amount and distribution of yolk in the egg can affect the pattern of cleavage. In eggs with little yolk (isolecithal eggs), such as those of mammals, cleavage is typically holoblastic, meaning that the entire egg divides completely with each cleavage event. In contrast, in eggs with a large amount of yolk (telolecithal eggs), such as those of birds and reptiles, cleavage is meroblastic, meaning that cell division occurs only in the yolk-free cytoplasmic region of the egg. This is because the dense yolk inhibits the cleavage furrow from passing through it. 2. **Rate of Cell Division**: The presence of yolk can slow down the rate of cell division in the areas where it is concentrated. Cells that contain less yolk divide more rapidly than those with more yolk. This leads to an uneven rate of division and can result in different cell sizes, which is important for the future differentiation of cells into various tissues and organs. 3. **Embryonic Axes Formation**: The distribution of yolk within the egg can influence the establishment of the embryonic axes (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, left-right). As cells divide and interact with the yolk and each other, they begin to establish the body plan of the developing organism. 4. **Nutrient Provision**: The yolk not only serves as a nutrient reserve but also influences the timing of gene expression and metabolic activity in the developing embryo. As cells cleave and form the blastula, they will eventually need to access the yolk's resources for further growth and development. 5. **Cell Fate Determination**: The position of cells relative to the yolk can affect their developmental fate. In some species, the yolk contains determinants that influence the developmental pathway of the cells that inherit them during cleavage. 6. **Evolutionary Adaptations**: The adaptations in cleavage patterns in response to yolk distribution reflect the evolutionary pressures on different species. For example, the large yolk of bird eggs supports the development of the embryo on land, without the need for additional water or nutrients from the environment. In summary, the yolk's role in providing nutrition is closely tied to the mechanics and regulation of cleavage. Its influence on the rate, pattern, and symmetry of cell division, as well as its impact on the subsequent developmental processes, makes it central to our understanding of early embryonic development.

A) becomes the chorionic villi.
B) lies next to the shell in chicks.
C) is a structure composed of two germ layers.
D) gives rise to umbilical blood vessels in humans.

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A) mesolecithal.
B) holoblastic.
C) isolecithal.
D) telolecithal.

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A) mesolecithal.
B) holoblastic.
C) isolecithal.
D) telolecithal.

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A) Cleavage
B) Gastrulation
C) Differentiation
D) Embryology

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